In one line
The learning phase is the early period while the algorithm works out who to show the ad to and at what price. On Meta it ends at roughly 50 optimization events within 7 days of an edit.
Why a threshold like 50
Stabilising a delivery rule statistically needs a minimum number of conversions. Below that, the algorithm over-reacts to a handful of chance events and delivery swings. Erratic performance is frequently a signal-volume problem rather than a creative or targeting problem.
Operating rules
Change one thing at a time and hold judgement until delivery settles. Reacting to every wobble keeps the algorithm learning forever.
If the daily volume of your optimization event is too low, no amount of goal tuning helps. Move one step earlier in the funnel to build volume, then step back down.
Go deeper
How learning resets turn into CPA spikes is covered in ad machine learning.